English Name : Two-barred Greenish Warbler
Scientific Name : Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus
Taxonomy and distribution
The Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides is a polytypic species that was described at first in 1837 by Sundevall.
The type speciemen was collected in Calcutta(Mayr and Cottrell 1986). This
species breeds in much of Asian continent (except for Tibetan Plateau),
Northern Sakhalin and as far west as eastern Europe. Six subspiecies(viridanus, ludlowi, trochiloides, obscuratus, plumbeitarsus, and nitidus) are recognised (Ticehurst 1938).
The Two-barred Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus described at first as a monotypic species in 1861 by Swinhoe. The type
specimen was collected between Ta-ku and Peking, in the neighborhood of
the Pai Ho River, Province of Chihli, norhthern China(Mayr and Cottrell
1986). It breeds North Eastern area of the distribution area of Greenish
Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides.
Breeding ranges of plumbeitarsus and viridanus overlap in western Sayan mountains apparently without interbreeding. Therefore,
Greenish and Two-barred Greenish Warblers are often treated as separate
species(Williamson 1967, Mayr and Cottrell 1987, Cramp 1992, Dickinson
2003).
Greenish Warbler is one of avian examples of a 'ring species'. Recently,
Irwin et al. (2001) showed there is no detectable gene flow between taxa viridanus and plumbeitarsus. And individuals of these two taxa within their zone of overlap showed
no response to each other's songs, and, indeed, sometimes shared territories.
If they are treate as separate species, however, some or all of the southern
subspecies might conceivably be left in limbo, since it would be impossible
to assign them to either Greenish Warbler or Two-barred Greenish Warbler(Collinson
2001).
In this page,Two-barred Greenish Warbler is treate as a fulspecies.
The records in Japan
Two-barred Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus had no published record in Japan until recent times. 'Check-list of Japanese
Birds sixth revised edtion' (Committee for Check-list of Japanese Birds
2000) does not include it. However, in recent years, the records of Two-barred
Greenish Warbler seem to increase The first photographs were taken in 24
May 2000 on Hegura-jima, Ishikawa Pref. by myself (Watabe 2001, Watabe
2011) and in the next year, a Two-barred Greenish Warbler was photographed
on Hegura-jima again (Watabe 2002, Watabe 2011). Probably some Two-barred
Greenish Warblers pass through the islands in the Sea of Japan annually
. Main migration periods is in late May.
References
1) Collinson, M. 2001. Greenish Warbler, 'Two-barred Greenish Warbler', and the speciation process. British Birds 94: 278-283.
2) Committee for Check-list of Japanese Birds (eds) 2000. Check-list of Japanese Birds. 6th revised edition. The Ornithological Society of Japan, Hokkaido.(in Japanese and English)
3) Cramp, S. (ed.) 1992. The Birds of tha Wastern Palearctic. vol. 6. Oxford.
4) Dickinson, C. (ed.) 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, 3rd
edition. Christopher Helm, London.
5) Irwin, D. E., Bensch, S., & Price,T. D. 2001. Speciation in a ring.
Nature 409: 333-337.
6) Ticehurst, C. B. 1938. A Systematic Review of tha Genus Phylloscopus. NewYork.
7) Unknown 2001. The detailed explanations of the first records in Ishikawa
Pref. -Two Barred Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides plumbeitarsus. In Birds of Ishikawa Yearbook 2000 (ed. Kenji Hirano), pp. 47-48. Wild Bird Society of Japan Ishikawa branch,
Kanazawa. (in Japanese)
8) Watabe, Y. 2002. The record of Two-barred Greenish Warbler (on Hegura-jima).
In Birds of Ishikawa Yearbook 2001 (ed. Kenji Hirano), p. 73. Wild Bird Society of Japan Ishikawa branch, Kanazawa. (in Japanese)
9) Watabe, Y. 2011. The record of Two-barred Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus in Japan. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 42: 167-174.
10) Williamson, K. 1967. Identification for Ringers 2. The genera Phylloscopus. 2nd revised edn. BTO Guide No.8. British Trust for Ornithology, Tring.
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1. 20 May 2001 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. Note the distinctively broad and white wing-bars which are on tips of greater coverts and medean coverts as prominent as in Yellow-browed Warbler. The base of greater coverts , however was not dark unlike Yellow-browed Warbler and Pallas's Warbler. Two-barred Greenish Warbler has broadest wing-bars in the super species Greenish Warbler P. trochiloides. Taxon viridanus, which distribute in the western area of the distribution area of plumbeitarsus has thinnest wing-bar in the species. Maki and Onishi(2000) showed the record of the non-plumbeitarsus Greenish Warbler in May 1999 on Hegura-jima. Reference: Maki, H. and Onishi, T. 2000. A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Japan. Heibon-sha, Tokyo.(in Japanese) |
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2. 24 May 2000 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. It might be the first photographic record in Japan. At first I discovered this individual perched pine tree. I thought it might be Two-barred Greenish Warbler soon. But I had seen any Greenish Warblers, so I obsereved it over 2 hours, and I could hear the call finally. So, I confirmed that it was Two-barred Greenish Warbler. The call is "Churi" which was rather similar to White or Black-backed Wagtail Motacilla alba or lugens. |
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3. 24 May 2000 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. The same bird as on picture No.2. On the former picture, the bill looks long slightly, but on this picture, the bill looks shorter than on picture No.2. The edges of tertials is not pale, so, tertials are seen to uniformly unlike Yellow-browed and Pallas's Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus /proregulus. The supercilium is broadest after the eye. The supercilium of Arctic Warbler P. borealis is usually nallower than Greenish Warbler, especially after the eye. Arctic Warbler, however, in autumn, has often broader supercilium(Thus indiciduals may be first winter). |
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4. 24 May 2000 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. The same individual as on picture No.3。Both right and left supercilium don't link on the forehead. |
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5. 25 May 2000 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. The primary length is shorter than Arctic Warbler. 'Two barr' are longer than Arctic Warbler, because the tip of inner greater and median coverts are white. So the wing barrs look longer than Arctic, Eastern Crowned and Sakhalin Warblers. |
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6. 24 May 2000 Hegura-jima, Wajima-shi, Ishikawa Pref. The upperparts is greenish colloration. The bill is short and thin, therefore, the face is pretier than the face of Arctic Warbler. I confirmed three individuals on the day. The pictures on No. 2-4 may be the first photos taken in Japan. However, Toshikazu Onishi observed the species on 1 September 1998 26 May 1999 and 13 May 2001 Morioka(2002) mentioned an individuals was observed and photographed on 5 May 2001. However, I realized the photos was misidentification from Sakhalin Leaf Warbler（Phylloscopus borealoides）. in addition, the species was observed in May 2004(Toshikazu Onishi pers. comm.). In recently, the species is sometimes observed in Japan and the species may pass through Japan annually. According to Williams(1986), the migration period of this species was later than that of the other Phylloscopus warblers in Beidaihe, Chaina. The peak of the migration of the species was late May in Beidaihe, and I estimate that the species passes through Japan from late May to early June mainly. 文献 |